Alvimopan

Metoclopramide: ʻO Metoclopramide kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻōpū a me nā pilikia esophageal. Hoʻohana mau ʻia ia e mālama a pale aku i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi, e kōkua ai i ka hakahaka ʻana o ka ʻōpū i ka poʻe me ka waiho ʻana o ka ʻōpū lohi, a me ke kōkua me ka maʻi reflux gastroesophageal. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e mālama i ka ulu o ka migraine.
Cisapride: ʻO Cisapride kahi agena gastroprokinetic, kahi lāʻau e hoʻonui ai i ka neʻe ʻana i ka gastrointestinal tract i luna. Hana pololei ia ma ke ʻano he serotonin 5-HT 4 reson agonist a kūwaho hoʻi ma ke ʻano he parasympathomimetic. Hoʻonui ka stimulus o nā serotonin receptor i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka acetylcholine i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nūhou enteric. Ua kūʻai lilo ʻia aku ia ma lalo o nā inoa kalepa prepulsid (Janssen-Ortho) a me Propulsid (i United States). Ua ʻike ʻia e Janssen Pharmaceuticals ma 1980. I nā ʻāina he nui, ua huki ʻia ia mai ka mākeke a i ʻole he palena kona mau hōʻailona ma muli o nā hanana o nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi puʻuwai.
Domperidone: ʻO Domperidone , kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Motilium i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he antiemetic, gastric prokinetic agent, a me galactagogue. Hiki iā ia ke lawe ʻia e ka waha a pololei paha, a loaʻa ia ma ke ʻano he papa ʻaina, wahaheʻe hoʻohiehie waha, hoʻomaha ʻana, a me nā waihona. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau e hoʻōla i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi; e hoʻonui i ka lawe ʻana o ka meaʻai ma o ka ʻōpū; a hāpai i ka lactation ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o prolactin.
Bromopride: ʻO Bromopride (INN) kahi antagonist dopamine me nā waiwai prokinetic i hoʻohana ākea ʻia e like me kahi antiemetic, pili loa i ka metoclopramide. ʻAʻole loaʻa ia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Alizapride: ʻO Alizapride kahi antagonist dopamine me nā hopena prokinetic a me antiemetic i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi, me ka nausea postoperative a me ka luaʻi. Pili ia ia i ka metoclopramide a me nā benzamides ʻē aʻe.
Clebopride: ʻO Clebopride kahi lāʻau antagonist dopamine me nā antiemetic a me nā prokinetic waiwai i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i nā maʻi gastrointestinal āpau. ʻO Chemically, he benzamide pani ia, pili pono i ka metoclopramide.
Physostigmine: ʻO Physostigmine kahi alkaloid pāʻawaʻawa nui, kikoʻī, kahi mea kāpae cholinesterase hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia. Kū maʻamau ia i ka pī Calabar a me ka lāʻau Manchineel.
ATC code A04: ʻO ka ATC code A04 Antiemetics a me nā antinauseants kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A04 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A04: ʻO ka ATC code A04 Antiemetics a me nā antinauseants kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A04 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A04: ʻO ka ATC code A04 Antiemetics a me nā antinauseants kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A04 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Ondansetron: ʻO Ondansetron , kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Zofran i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku ai i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka chemotherapy maʻi ʻaʻai, radiation therapy, a i ʻole ke ʻoki kino. He maikaʻi ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka gastroenteritis. He kūpono ʻole ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka luaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi neʻe. Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia e ka waha a i ʻole i ke kuʻi ʻana i loko o kahi mākala a i ʻole i kahi aa.
Granisetron: ʻO Granisetron kahi serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he antiemetic e mālama i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi ma hope o ka chemotherapy a me ka radiotherapy. ʻO kāna hopena nui e hōʻemi i ka hana o ka nerve vagus, kahi aʻa e hoʻoulu i ke kikowaena luaʻi i ka medulla oblongata. ʻAʻohe ona hopena ma ka luaʻi ʻana ma muli o ka maʻi neʻe. ʻAʻohe o kēia lāʻau i ka hopena ma luna o nā pepelu o ka dopamine a i ʻole nā ​​muscarinic receptors
Tropisetron: ʻO Tropisetron kahi serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he antiemetic e mālama i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi ma hope o ka chemotherapy, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia i hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano he analgesic i nā hihia o fibromyalgia.
Dolasetron: ʻO Dolasetron (inoa inoa Anzemet ) kahi mea lawelawe antagonist 5-HT 3 serotonin i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi ma hope o ka chemotherapy. ʻO kāna hopena nui e hōʻemi i ka hana o ka nerve vagus, kahi aʻa e hoʻoulu i ke kikowaena luaʻi i ka medulla oblongata. ʻAʻohe ona hopena antiemetic ke loaʻa nā ʻōuli i ka maʻi neʻe. ʻAʻohe o kēia lāʻau i ka hopena ma luna o nā pepelu o ka dopamine a i ʻole nā ​​muscarinic receptors
Palonosetron: ʻO Palonosetron (INN, inoa kalepa ʻo Aloxi ) kahi antagonist 5-HT 3 i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka chemotherapy (CINV). Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka kaohi o CINV lohi — nausea a me ka luaʻi a aia he ʻikepili tentative e hōʻike e ʻoi aku paha ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka granisetron.
ATC code A04: ʻO ka ATC code A04 Antiemetics a me nā antinauseants kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A04 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Scopolamine: ʻO Scopolamine , i kapa ʻia ʻo hyoscine , a i ʻole Devil's Breath , he lāʻau kūlohelohe a synthetically paha i hana ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia me he lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi neʻe a me ka nausea postoperative a me ka luaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i kekahi manawa ma mua o ke kaha ʻana e hōʻemi i ka lawai. Ke hoʻohana ʻia e ka pahu kui, hoʻomaka nā hopena ma hope o 20 mau minuke a hala i 8 mau hola. Hiki ke hoʻohana waha ʻia a ma ke ʻano he patch transdermal. Aia ia ma ka papa inoa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau koʻikoʻi o ka World Health Organization.
Cerium oxalate: ʻO Cerium (III) oxalate ( cerous oxalate ) ka paʻakai cerium inorganic o ka waikawa oxalic. He crystalline keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me ke ʻano kemika o Ce 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 . Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia e ka hopena o ka waikawa oxalic me cerium (III) chloride.
Chlorobutanol: ʻO Chlorobutanol ( trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol ) kahi mea mālama, hoʻomalule, hypnotic a nāwaliwali kūloko anesthetic like i ke ʻano me ka hydrate chloral. Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai antibacterial a antifungal. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Chlorobutanol ma kahi hoʻonui o 0.5% kahi e hāʻawi ai i kahi kūpaʻa lōʻihi i nā formulate multi-sangkap. Eia nō naʻe, mālama ia i ka hana antimicrobial ma 0.05% i ka wai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chlorobutanol i ka anesthesia a me ka euthanasia o nā invertebrates a me nā iʻa. He keʻokeʻo, paʻa paʻa me kahi ʻala menthol-like.
Metopimazine: ʻO Metopimazine (INN) kahi phenothiazine antiemetic.
Tetrahydrocannabinol: ʻO Tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) ka mea nui psychoactive constituent o ka cannabis a ʻo kekahi o ka liʻiliʻi he 113 ka nui o nā cannabinoids i ʻike ʻia i ka mea kanu. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka kemika no THC (C 21 H 30 O 2 ) e wehewehe i nā isomers he nui, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo THC e pili pinepine ana i ka isomer Delta-9-THC me ka inoa kemika (-) - trans -Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol. E like me ka nui o nā metabolites lua o nā mea kanu, THC kahi lipid i loaʻa i ka cannabis, i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea ulu, e kūʻē i ka predation predation, ultraviolet light, a me ke kaona.
Nabilone: ʻO Nabilone , kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Cesamet me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he cannabinoid synthetic me ka hoʻohana therapeutic ma ke ʻano he antiemetic a ma ke ʻano he analgesic hoʻohui no ka ʻeha neuropathic. Hoʻohālikelike ia i tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ka hui psychoactive mua i loaʻa maoli i Cannabis .
Aprepitant: ʻO Aprepitant , kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Emend i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku ai i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka chemotherapy (CINV) a pale aku i ka nausea postoperative a me ka luaʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana pū ʻia me ka ondansetron a me ka dexamethasone. Lawe ʻia e ka waha.
Casopitant: ʻO Casopitant (INN, nā inoa kālepa tentative Rezonic (US), Zunrisa (ʻEulopa)) he mea loaʻa i ka neurokinin 1 (NK 1 R) antagonist e hana nei i ka noiʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ka nausea a me ka luaʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka chemotherapy (CINV). Ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei e GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) i kēia manawa.
Maropitant: ʻO Maropitant (INN; inoa kālepa: Cerenia sə- REE -nee-ə ), hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he maropitant citrate (USAN), he neurokinin-1 (NK 1 ) antagonist receptor i hoʻomohala ʻia e Zoetis kikoʻī no ka mālama ʻana i ka neʻe a me ka luaʻi. i nā ʻīlio. Ua ʻae ʻia e ka FDA ma 2007 no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻīlio a me ka 2012 no nā pōpoki.
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Chenodeoxycholic acid: ʻO ka waikawa Chenodeoxycholic kahi waikawa bile. Kāhea ʻia nā paʻakai o kēia waikawa carboxylic chenodeoxycholates . ʻO ka waikawa Chenodeoxycholic kekahi o nā aʻa nui o ka bile. Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia mai ka bile o ke kuihi home, nāna e hāʻawi iā ia i ka "cheno \" ʻāpana o kona inoa.
Ursodeoxycholic acid: ʻO ka Ursodeoxycholic acid ( UDCA ), i ʻike ʻia he ursodiol , kahi acid bile lua, i hana ʻia i loko o nā kānaka a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe mai ka metabolism e nā bacteria bacteria. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia i ke akepaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano, a ʻike mua ʻia i loko o ka bile bear, ʻo ia ke kumu o kona inoa ʻo Ursus . I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻano, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia e mālama a pale aku paha i nā maʻi o ke akepaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​dile o ka bile.
Cholic acid: ʻO ka waikawa Cholic , i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he 3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid kahi aila bile mua i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, he mea crystalline keʻokeʻo ia. Kāhea ʻia nā paʻakai o ka cholic acid ʻO ka waikawa Cholic, me ka waikawa chenodeoxycholic, kekahi o nā ʻāpala bile nui ʻelua i hana ʻia e ke akepaʻa, kahi i synthesize ʻia mai ka cholesterol. Kūlike like kēia mau ʻelua bile acid i ka nui o ke kanaka. Hana ʻia nā Derivatives mai ka cholyl-CoA, kahi e hoʻololi ai i kāna CoA me nā glycine, a i ʻole nā ​​taurine, e loaʻa ana i nā waikawa glycocholic a me taurocholic.
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Nicotinyl methylamide: ʻO Nicotinyl methylamide kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka bile therapy. He metabolite hoʻi ia o nikotinamide ( wikamina B 3 ).
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Piprozolin: ʻO Piprozolin kahi lāʻau no ka bile therapy.
Hymecromone: ʻO Hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone) kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka bile therapy. Hoʻohana ʻia ia me he lāʻau choleretic a antispasmodic a ma ke ʻano he kūlana no ka hoʻoholo fluorometric o ka hana enzyme.
Cyclobutyrol: ʻO Cyclobutyrol kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka bile therapy. ʻO Cyclobutyrol (CB) kahi mea choleretic e hōʻoki pū i ka huna lipid biliary.
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Arginine glutamate: ʻO Arginine glutamate kahi hui o nā amino acid, 50% arginine a me 50% glutamic acid, i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ate.
Silibinin: ʻO Silibinin (INN), i kapa ʻia ʻo silybin (ʻelua mai Silybum , ka inoa generic o ka mea kanu kahi i lawe ʻia mai ai), ʻo ia ka mea hana nui o silymarin , kahi ʻoki maʻamau o nā hua o ka waiū, aia i loko o kahi hui o nā flavonolignans i loko. o silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, silidianin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO Silibinin ponoʻī kahi hui o nā diastereomer ʻelua, silybin A a me silybin B, i ka lakio equimolar. Hōʻike ka hui ʻana i nā hopena o ka lāʻau, ma ke ake momona, nā ʻaʻa ʻona ʻona ʻona ʻole, steatohepatitis non-alkohol, a aia he hōʻike hoʻokolohua maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka silibinin ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua i ka waiʻona a me ke keiki-Pugh grade 'A 'ate cirrhosis. Eia nō naʻe, me nā hopena maikaʻi o ke ake, ka silibinin a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ma silymarin, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo silychristin e like me ka mea he disruptor mana o ka ʻōnaehana thyroid e ka pale ʻana i ka mea lawe MCT8. ʻO ka lawe lōʻihi o silymarin hiki ke alakaʻi i kekahi ʻano o ka maʻi thyroid a inā lawe ʻia i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana, hiki i ka silymarin ke hana i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi Allan – Herndon – Dudley. ʻOiai ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻikepili e nā kino hoʻokele āpau, ke manaʻo nei kekahi mau noiʻi i kēia manawa i ka silymarin a me ka silychristin i mea nui i nā mea lawe i ka MCT8 transporter a me kahi mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻowalewale i nā hana o ka thyroid hormone.
Citiolone: ʻO Citiolone kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻōla ate.
Epomediol: ʻO Epomediol kahi terpenoid synthetic me nā hopena choleretic. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa simptomatik o ka makaʻu no ka cholestasis intrahepatic o ka hāpai keiki
Ornithine oxoglutarate: ʻO Ornithine oxoglutarate (OGO) a i ʻole ornithine α-ketoglutarate (OKG) kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolaʻa ate. ʻO ia ka paʻakai i hana ʻia mai ka ornithine a me ka alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino olakino i nā maʻi ʻelemakule.
Tidiacic: ʻO Tidiacic kahi lāʻau hepatoprotective. ʻO ia kahi ʻāpana o ka arginine tidiacic .
Glycyrrhizin: ʻO Glycyrrhizin ka mea ʻonoʻono nui o ke aʻa Glycyrrhiza glabra (ʻona). Structurally, he saponin ia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he emulsifier a me ka ʻākena gel e hana ai i nā meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻonani. ʻO kona aglycone he enoxolone.
Methionine: ʻO ka Methionine kahi amino acid pono i nā kānaka. Ma ke ʻano he substrate no nā amino acid ʻē aʻe e like me cysteine ​​a me taurine, nā hui like ʻole e like me SAM-e, a me ka glutathione antioxidant nui, he hana koʻikoʻi ka methionine i ka metabolism a me ke olakino o nā ʻano he nui, e like me nā kānaka. Hoʻopili ʻia ia e ka codon AUG.
ATC code A05: ʻO ATC code A05 Bile a me ka hoʻolauleʻa ate he subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Subgroup A05 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Liquid paraffin (drug): ʻO ka paraffin wai , a i ʻike ʻia he paraffinum liquidum a i ʻole he aila minuke Lūkia , kahi aila minamina maikaʻi loa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻonani a me nā lāʻau. ʻAʻole e huikau ka Cosmetic a i ʻole ka lāʻau wai paraffin me ka paraffin i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahie. He aniani moakaka, kala ʻole, ʻane ʻaʻohe onaona, a me ka wai aila i haku ʻia i nā hydrocarbons momona i loaʻa mai i ka ʻaila.
Docusate: ʻO Docusate ka inoa kemikala a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau o ka anion bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate , i kapa ʻia hoʻi he dioctyl sulfosuccinate ( DOSS ).
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Oxyphenisatine: He laxative ʻo Oxyphenisatine . Pili loa ia i ka bisacodyl, ka sodium picosulfate, a me ka phenolphthalein. Pili ka hoʻohana wā lōʻihi me ka hōʻino o ke ake, a ʻo ka hopena, ua huki ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina i nā makahiki mua 1970. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka acetate derivative oxyphenisatine acetate ma ke ʻano he laxative.
Bisacodyl: ʻO Bisacodyl (INN) kahi hui kūlohelohe i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lāʻau laxative stimulant. Hana pololei ia ma ke kolona e hana i kahi ʻōpū o ke ʻōpū. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia ia no ke kōkua ʻana i ka episodic a me ka constipation mau a no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi puʻuwai o ka neurogenic, a me kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū ma mua o nā hoʻokolohua olakino, e like me ka kolonoskopi.
Dantron: ʻO Dantron (INN), i ʻike ʻia ʻo chrysazin a i ʻole 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone , kahi meaola i loaʻa kūlohelohe ʻia, mai ka anthraquinone e ka hoʻololi ʻia o nā ʻelua hydrogen ʻoma e nā hui hydroxyl (–OH). Hoʻohana ʻia ia i kekahi mau ʻāina ma ke ʻano he laxative stimulant.
Phenolphthalein: ʻO Phenolphthalein kahi hui kemika me ka haʻilula C 20 H 14 O 4 a kākau pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he " HIn \" a i ʻole " phph \" i ka manawa pōkole. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Phenolphthalein ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona i ka titrations acid – base. No kēia noi, huli ke kala ʻole i nā waikawa acidic a me ka poni i nā hopena maʻamau. Pili ia i ka papa o nā kala i kapa ʻia nā kala phthalein.
Castor oil: ʻO ka aila Castor kahi aila mea kanu i kaomi ʻia mai nā pīni castor. He kala ʻole ia i ka wai melemele mae loa me kahi ʻono a me kahi ʻala ʻokoʻa. ʻO 313 ° C (595 ° F) kāna kiko hoʻolapalapa a me 0.961 g / cm 3 . Aia i loko o kahi hui o nā triglycerides kahi e pili ana i ka 90% o nā waikawa momona nā ricinoleates. ʻO Oleate a me nā linoleates nā mea nui ʻē aʻe.
Senna glycoside: ʻO Senna glycoside , i ʻike ʻia he sennoside a senna paha, kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama ai i ka constipation a hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻōpū nui ma mua o ke kaha ʻana. Lawe ʻia ka lāʻau i ka waha a i ʻole ma ka kiko. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hana ma kahi o 30 mau minuke ke hāʻawi ʻia e ka pololei a ma loko o ʻumikūmālua mau hola ke hāʻawi ʻia e ka waha. He laxative nāwaliwali ia ma mua o ka bisacodyl a i ʻole ka castor aila.
Frangula purshiana: ʻO Frangula purshiana kahi ʻano ulu o ka ʻohana Rhamnaceae. He ʻōiwi ia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau komohana mai ka hema o British Columbia hema a i waena o Kaleponi, a ma ka hikina a i ke komohana ʻākau o Montana.
Sodium picosulfate: ʻO Sodium picosulfate kahi laxative stimulant hoʻopili i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lapaʻau no ka constipation a i ʻole e hoʻomākaukau i ka ʻōpū nui ma mua o ka colonoscopy a i ʻole ke ʻoki ʻana. Kūʻai ʻia ia ma lalo o nā inoa ʻo Sodipic Picofast , Laxoberal , Laxoberon , Purg-Odan , Picolax , Guttalax , Namilax , Pico-Salax , PicoPrep , a me prepopik , a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe.
Bisoxatin: He laxative ʻo Bisoxatin .
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Psyllium: ʻO Psyllium , a i ʻole ispaghula (isabgol), ka inoa maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā lālā he nui o ka ʻano mea kanu ʻo Plantago nona nā ʻano hua e hoʻohana pāʻoihana ʻia no ka hana ʻana o ka mucilage. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Psyllium ma ke ʻano he fiber dietary e hōʻoluʻolu ai i nā ʻōuli o ka constipation a me ka diarrhea māmā, a i kekahi manawa me he mea ʻai meaʻai. ʻO ka maʻi āpau i ka psyllium ka mea maʻamau i nā limahana e hōʻike pinepine ʻia i ka lāʻau.
Ethulose: He laxative ʻo Ethulose . ʻIke ʻia ia he ethylhydroxyethylcellulose.
Sterculia: ʻO Sterculia ka genus o nā mea kanu pua i ka ʻohana mallow, Malvaceae: subfamily Sterculioideae. ʻO nā lālā o ka genusqually i kapa ʻia he chestnuts tropical . Lawe ʻia ka inoa ʻepekema mai Sterculius o ka kaʻao Roma, ʻo ia ke akua o ka manure; pili kēia i ka ʻaʻala maikaʻi ʻole o nā pua o kēia ʻano. He monoecious a dioecious paha ʻo Sterculia , a me nā pua unisexual a i ʻole bisexual.
Flax: ʻO Flax , ʻike ʻia ʻo flax a linseed paha, kahi mea ulu pua, ʻo Linum usitatissimum , i ka ʻohana Linaceae. Ua mahi ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai a me nā mea kanu fiber i nā wahi o ka honua me ke aniau ahona. ʻO nā lole i hana ʻia mai ke olonā i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāina Komohana ma ke ʻano he olonā, a hoʻohana mau ʻia no nā pale moe, nā kapa malalo, a me nā lilina. ʻIke ʻia kona aila me ka aila linseed. Ma waho aʻe o ka kuhikuhi ʻana i ka mea kanu ponoʻī, hiki i ka huaʻōlelo "flax \" ke kuhikuhi i nā olonā unspun o ka mea kanu flax. Hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano he mea kanu i mahi ʻia, a ʻike ʻia ua hanai ʻia hoʻokahi wale nō manawa mai nā ʻano hihiu ʻo Linum bienne , i kapa ʻia he flax pale. ʻO nā mea kanu i kapa ʻia ʻo \ "flax \" ma Nūhōlani, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, he lālā o ka genus Phormium .
Methyl cellulose: ʻO ka Methyl cellulose kahi hui kemika i loaʻa mai ka cellulose. Kūʻai ʻia ia ma lalo o nā ʻano inoa kalepa a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mānoanoa a me emulsifier i nā huahana like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, a ma ke ʻano he laxative hana nui. E like me ka cellulose, ʻaʻole ia he digestible, ʻaʻohe onaona, a ʻaʻole hoʻi he mea hoʻoweliweli.
Wheat: ʻO ka palaoa kahi mauʻu i mahi ākea ʻia no kāna hua, kahi palaoa cereal kahi meaʻai nui o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano palaoa e hana pū i ka genus Triticum ; ʻo ka palaoa ka mea i ulu nui ʻia. Hōʻike ka moʻolelo archaeological ua mahi mua ʻia ka palaoa ma nā wahi o ka Fertile Crescent ma kahi o 9600 BCE. ʻO Botanically, ʻo ka ʻoka palaoa kahi ʻano hua i kapa ʻia he caryopsis.
Polycarbophil calcium: ʻO ka Polycarbophil calcium (INN) kahi lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he stabilizer. ʻO Chemically, he polymer synthetic ia o ka polyacrylic acid acid i hoʻopili ʻia me ka divinyl glycol, me ka calcium ma ke ʻano he counter-ion.
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Magnesium carbonate: ʻO ka magnesium carbonate , Mg CO 3 (inoa archaic magnesia alba), he paʻakai paʻakai ia he keʻokeʻo paʻa. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano hydrated a me nā kumu o ka magnesium carbonate e like me nā minelala.
Magnesium oxide: ʻO ka magnesium oxide ( MgO ), a i ʻole magnesia , he mineral keʻokeʻo hygroscopic keʻokeʻo e kū kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he periclase a kahi kumu o ka magnesium (e ʻike pū i ka oxide). Loaʻa iā ia kahi mana empirical o MgO a komo i kahi lattice o Mg 2+ ions a me O 2− ions i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ionic bonding. Hana ʻia nā magnesium hydroxide i ke alo o ka wai (MgO + H 2 O → Mg (OH) 2 ), akā hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia e ka hoʻomehana ʻana iā ia e hemo i ka makū.
Magnesium peroxide: ʻO ka magnesium peroxide (MgO 2 ) kahi peroxide pauka maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole me ke keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. Ua like ia me ka calcium peroxide no ka mea hoʻopuka ka magnesium peroxide i ka oxygen ma ka wāwahi ʻana i ka helu i kāohi ʻia me ka wai. ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku, loaʻa pinepine ka magnesium peroxide ma ke ʻano he pūhui o ka magnesium peroxide a me ka magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium sulfate: ʻO ka magnesium sulfate a i ʻole ka magnesium sulphate kahi hui kemika , kahi paʻakai me ke ʻano MgSO 4 , ʻo ia hoʻi nā cation magnesium Mg 2+ a me nā aniani sulfate SO 2− 4 . He ʻeleʻele crystalline paʻa, soluble i ka wai akā ʻaʻole ma ka etanol.
Lactulose: ʻO ka Lactulose kahi kō kōpaʻa hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka constipation a me ka hepatic encephalopathy. Hoʻohana ʻia e ka waha no ka paʻa paʻa ʻana a i ʻole ma ka waha a i ʻole i ka pā no ka encephalopathy hepatic. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hana ma hope o 8-12 mau hola, akā hiki paha i 2 mau lā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka paʻa paʻa.
Lactitol: ʻO ka Lactitol kahi waiʻona kō i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohou i ka nui o nā meaʻai calorie me 30-40% o ka ʻono o ka sukosa. Hoʻohana ʻia ia me he lāʻau laxative. Hana ʻia ʻo Lactitol e nā mea hana ʻelua, ʻo Danisco a me Purac Biochem.
Sodium sulfate: ʻO Sodium sulfate (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo sodium sulphate a i ʻole sulfate o ka soda ) ʻo ia ka pūhui inorganic me ka formula Na 2 SO 4 a me nā hydrates pili pū kekahi. ʻO nā ʻano āpau he mau ʻāpana keʻokeʻo i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe nui ʻia i ka wai. Me ka hana makahiki o 6 miliona tonnes, ka decahydrate kahi huahana kemika waiwai nui. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopihapiha i ka hana ʻana o nā mea holoi holoi lole lepo a me ke kaʻina Kraft o ka pepa pepa no ka hana ʻana i nā sulfide alkaline kiʻekiʻe.
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate: ʻO Pentaerythritol tetranitrate ( PETN ), i ʻike ʻia ʻo PENT , PENTA , TEN , corpent , a i ʻole penthrite , kahi mea pahū. ʻO ia ka ester nitrate o pentaerythritol, a ʻano like ia me nitroglycerin. ʻO Penta e pili ana i nā ʻelima kalapona o ka iwi neopentane. ʻO PETN kahi mea pahū ikaika me kahi mea pili pono o 1.66. Ke kāwili ʻia me kahi plasticizer, hana ʻo PETN i kahi mea pahū ea. Me RDX ʻo ia ka mea nui o Semtex.
Macrogol: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Macrogol , ʻo polyethylene glycol ( PEG ), i lāʻau lapaʻau e mālama ai i ka paʻa paʻa ʻana i nā keiki a me nā mākua. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hakahaka i ka ʻōpū ma mua o kahi kolona. Lawe ʻia e ka waha. Loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi i loko o ʻekolu mau lā. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ua ʻōlelo wale ʻia no ʻelua mau pule.
Mannitol: ʻO Mannitol kahi ʻano o ka waiʻona kō i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻono a me nā lāʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia me kahi mea hoʻowali calorie haʻahaʻa e like me ka lawe maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e nā ʻōpū. Ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke kaomi i nā maka, e like me ka glaucoma, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka piʻi intracranial. Lapaʻau, hāʻawi ʻia ia e ka pahu kui. Hoʻomaka ka hopena ma waena o 15 mau minuke a hala i 8 mau hola.
Trisodium phosphate: ʻO Trisodium phosphate (TSP) ka mea hoʻohui ʻole me ke ʻano kemika Na 3 PO 4 . He keʻokeʻo, granular a crystalline paʻa paha ia, soluble nui i ka wai, e hana ana i kahi hopena alkaline. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TSP ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe, mea kūkulu hale, lubricant, mea hoʻohui meaʻai, mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka poke, a me degreaser
Sorbitol: ʻO Sorbitol , ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻo glucitol , kahi waiʻona kō a me kahi ʻono momona a ke kino o ke kanaka e hana lohi ai. Hiki ke loaʻa iā ia ma ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka glucose, ka mea e hoʻololi i ka hui aldehyde i hoʻololi ʻia (−CHO) i kahi hui ʻalekohola mua (−CH 2 OH). ʻO ka hapa nui o ka sorbitol i hana ʻia mai ka starch potato, akā ʻike ʻia ia i ke kūlohelohe, e laʻa me nā ʻāpala, nā pears, nā peach, a me nā prun. Hoʻohuli ʻia i fructose e sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase. ʻO Sorbitol kahi isomer o mannitol, kahi ʻalekiko kō ʻē aʻe; ʻokoʻa wale nā ​​mea ʻelua i ke kaʻina o ka hui hydroxyl ma carbon 2. ʻOiai like, he ʻokoʻa nā kumuwaiwai kō ʻelua i ke kūlohelohe, nā kiko hoʻoheheʻe, a hoʻohana.
Magnesium citrate: ʻO ka magnesium citrate kahi hoʻomākaukau magnesium i ka paʻakai paʻakai me ka waikawa citric i ka lakio 1: 1. He kānalua ka inoa "magnesium citrate \" a i kekahi manawa e kuhikuhi paha i nā paʻakai e like me ka trimagnesium citrate i loaʻa kahi magnesium: citrate ratio o 3: 2.
Sodium tartrate: ʻO Sodium tartrate (Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 ) kahi paʻakai i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he emulsifier a me kahi mea hoʻopaʻa i nā huahana meaʻai e like me nā jellies, margarine, a me nā casus sausage. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui meaʻai, ʻike ʻia ia e ka helu E E335.
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Trisodium phosphate: ʻO Trisodium phosphate (TSP) ka mea hoʻohui ʻole me ke ʻano kemika Na 3 PO 4 . He keʻokeʻo, granular a crystalline paʻa paha ia, soluble nui i ka wai, e hana ana i kahi hopena alkaline. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TSP ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe, mea kūkulu hale, lubricant, mea hoʻohui meaʻai, mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka poke, a me degreaser
Bisacodyl: ʻO Bisacodyl (INN) kahi hui kūlohelohe i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lāʻau laxative stimulant. Hana pololei ia ma ke kolona e hana i kahi ʻōpū o ke ʻōpū. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia ia no ke kōkua ʻana i ka episodic a me ka constipation mau a no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi puʻuwai o ka neurogenic, a me kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū ma mua o nā hoʻokolohua olakino, e like me ka kolonoskopi.
Glycerol: ʻO Glycerol kahi hui polyol maʻalahi. He wai kala ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala, viscous wai ʻono a ʻono ʻole hoʻi. ʻIke ʻia ka iwi kuamoo glycerol i loko o kēlā mau lipid i ʻike ʻia ʻo glycerides. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā antimicrobial a me nā antiviral waiwai hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ʻae ʻia e FDA i nā hōʻeha a me nā hōʻā ʻana i ke ahi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he māka pono e ana i nā maʻi ate. Hoʻohana ākea ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he meaʻono i ka ʻoihana meaʻai a ma ke ʻano he humectant i nā mea hana lāʻau. No ke alo o ʻekolu mau pūʻulu hydroxyl, kolohe ʻole ʻia ka glycerol me ka wai a he ʻano hygroscopic.
Oil: ʻO kahi aila kekahi waiwai kemikala nonpolar kahi wai viscous i nā mahana wela a he hydrophobic a me lipophilic kekahi. Loaʻa i nā aila kahi kalapona kiʻekiʻe a me ka hydrogen a maʻa mau i ka wela a me ka ʻohana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā aila i lipid unsaturated i mea wai ma ke ana wela o ka lumi.
Sorbitol: ʻO Sorbitol , ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻo glucitol , kahi waiʻona kō a me kahi ʻono momona a ke kino o ke kanaka e hana lohi ai. Hiki ke loaʻa iā ia ma ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka glucose, ka mea e hoʻololi i ka hui aldehyde i hoʻololi ʻia (−CHO) i kahi hui ʻalekohola mua (−CH 2 OH). ʻO ka hapa nui o ka sorbitol i hana ʻia mai ka starch potato, akā ʻike ʻia ia i ke kūlohelohe, e laʻa me nā ʻāpala, nā pears, nā peach, a me nā prun. Hoʻohuli ʻia i fructose e sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase. ʻO Sorbitol kahi isomer o mannitol, kahi ʻalekiko kō ʻē aʻe; ʻokoʻa wale nā ​​mea ʻelua i ke kaʻina o ka hui hydroxyl ma carbon 2. ʻOiai like, he ʻokoʻa nā kumuwaiwai kō ʻelua i ke kūlohelohe, nā kiko hoʻoheheʻe, a hoʻohana.
ATC code A06: ʻO ka ATC code A06 Drugs no ka constipation kahi subgroup therapeutic o ka Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, kahi ʻōnaehana o nā code alphanumeric i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe. ʻO Subgroup A06 kahi ʻāpana o ka hui anatomical A Alimentary tract and metabolism .
Methylnaltrexone: ʻO Methylnaltrexone , hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka methylnaltrexone bromide , he lāʻau lapaʻau e hana ma ke ʻano he antagonist receptor μ-opioid peripherally e hana nei e hoʻohuli i kekahi o nā hopena o nā lāʻau opioid e like me ka constipation me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻeha a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka haʻalele ʻana. Ma muli o ka MNTX kahi cation ammonium quaternary, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hele i ka pale o ka lolo a me ka lolo, a pēlā pū me nā hopena antagonist ma loko o ke kino, nā hopena counteracting e like me ka ʻili a me ka constipation, akā me ka ʻole o nā hopena opioid i ka lolo e like me ka ʻeha o ka ʻeha. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻāpana nui o ka analgesia opioid e nā mea loaʻa i ka opioid ma nā neurons sensory peripheral, keu hoʻi i nā ʻano inflammatory e like me arthritis, traumatic a ʻehaʻeha paha, MNTX e hoʻonui i ka ʻeha ma lalo o ia ʻano.
Alvimopan: ʻO Alvimopan kahi lāʻau e lawelawe ai ma ke ʻano he antagonist receptor μ-opioid. Me ka palena palena ʻole e hiki keʻaʻa i ke kaʻe o ke koko a me ka lolo a hiki i nā mea loaʻa μ-opioid o ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana waena, pale ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā antagonists opioid kikowaena me ka hana ʻole i ka poloka i manaʻo ʻia o nā μ-opioid receptors i ka gastrointestinal tract. I kēia manawa ʻo ʻAi wale nō ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻae ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka ileus postoperative i loaʻa iā ia i Mei 2008.